Cross Cultural Psychology

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Chapter 3
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Chapter 3. Critical Thinking

Multiple-choice questions
  1. Masculinity -- Femininity is a ……………variable.
    1. a. dichotomous
    2. b. median
    3. c. moderate
    4. d. continuous
    5. e. prejudiced

  2. Dichotomous variables are a matter of classification (quality), whereas continuous variables are a matter of………….
    1. a. degree
    2. b. opinion
    3. c. power distance
    4. d. culture
    5. e. value

  3. Select the correct statement regarding the Belief perseverance effect:
    1. We defend our property because we believe that material possessions define our views on things.
    2. We defend our opinions in spite of evidence that challenges the opinions.
    3. We give up our opinions when we are facing strong arguments.
    4. We defend our opinions only when we feel frightened.
    5. We defend opinions of other people when we feel they are friendly.

  4. Find a typical "Barnum" statement:
    1. a. John has a dollar
    2. b. People have to deal with unresolved issues
    3. c. The weather is bad this week
    4. d. China has a strong soccer team
    5. e. Australian athletes swim well in the Olympics

  5. The school of thought that attempts to reduce particular moral and cultural values from research and maintains that any value is good, so long as it exists in a particular cultural context, is called:
    1. cultural relativism
    2. cultural morals
    3. representative bias
    4. fundamental attribution error
    5. cultural dualism

Short-answer questions

1. Mental shortcuts that reduce complex and time-consuming tasks to more simple, manageable, practical and efficient problem-solving strategies, are called: …………..

2. What do we call systematic mistakes that are derived from our efforts to satisfy our own personal needs, such as the desire for self-esteem, power, or control?

3. What do we call a type of faulty reasoning, according to which events that occur close together in time are construed as causally linked?

4. The error in thinking in which we equate our description of what is, with our prescription of what ought to be, is called…..

5. A person who says, "You cannot compare us, the northerners, to the southerners: we have absolutely nothing in common" is likely to commit what critical-thinking error?


Essay Questions.

1. Give your own examples of dichotomous variables.

2. Give your own example of bi-directional causation in psychology.

(c) 2004 Eric Shiraev, Ph.D.