Military Geography

GEOG 399-001

Spring 2010

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• Instructor: Francis H. Dillon, III

• Meeting Time: Wednesday, 4:30-7:10 p.m.

• Class Location: Robinson Hall, Room B108

• Office Hours: Wednesday, 7:15-8:15 p.m.

Class Announcements

1. Please note the changes to the semester calendar shown below. The BOS quiz will be this coming Wednesday, 3 March, and the Mid-term Exam is moved to Wednesday, 31 March.

2. The semester has been extended and the date for the last class is moved to Wednesday, 5 May, and Poster Presentation (Final Exam) will now take place on MONDAY, 10 May.

3. I have several books on Gettysburg, Antietam, and one on Civil War mapping on reserve in the Johnson Center library for use as additional Staff Ride resources.

Course Overview

Warfare is inherently geographic in nature. The fundamental military problem is a space-time problem, as Nathan Bedford Forrest succinctly observed "getting there firstest with the mostest." In addition, the geographic factors shaping military operations vary by the scale of the operation. The nature of military geography changes in response to the level of war, strategic, operational, or tactical, under consideration. The result is a nested set of geographic concepts and maps that describe the influence of physical and cultural features on military operations.

The purpose of this course is to give the student an understanding of the impact of various geographic features, both physical and cultural, on the conduct and outcome of military operations. The student will also learn to assess these impacts in terms of the three levels of war. Finally, the student will apply this understanding to an on-the-ground analysis of a selected military operation in a Staff Ride format.

Course Objectives

Based upon assigned reading, class discussion, individual research, and field observations, the student will be able to:

1. Identify and assess the impact of physical and cultural geographic features on the conduct of military operations.
2. Describe and compare the changing nature of geographic considerations based upon the three levels of war, including geographic aspects of
1. the principles of war,
2. the tenets of Army operations, and
3. the Battlefield Framework.
3. Evaluate the conduct of a specific military operation in terms of the impact of geographic factors at each level of war, with particular emphasis on tactical operations including the effects on
1. movement,
2. weapons employment,
3. command and control, and
4. combat service support.
4. Conduct an analysis in the field of a selected battlefield in a Staff Ride format.

Text Books

1. Harold A. Winters, et al, Battling the Elements, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.

2. Patrick O'Sullivan, Terrain and Tactics, Greenwood Press, 1991
3. Select one of the following:
   1. Jay Luvaas and Harold W. Nelson, ed. U.S. Army War College Guide to the Battle of Antietam, University of Kansas, 1996
   2. Jay Luvaas and Harold W. Nelson, ed. U.S. Army War College Guide to the Battle of Gettysburg, University of Kansas, 1994

1. Field Manual 3-0, Operations, HQ, Department of Army (available online)
2. Field Manual 3-90, Tactics, HQ, Department of Army (available online)
3. Field Manual 101-5-1, Operational Terms and Graphics, HQ, Department of Army (available online)
4. Department of Defense Dictionary (available online)
5. Michael Howard and Peter Paret, ed., Carl von Clausewitz: On War, Princeton University Press, 1984
6. The Infantry Journal, Infantry in Battle, Garrett & Massie, Richmond, VA, 1939 (reprinted by Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth).
7. E. D. Swinton, The Defence of Duffer’s Drift, Avery Pub Group, 1986 (reprinted by Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth).
8. Roger J. Spiller, General Editor, Combined Arms in Battle Since 1939, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Press, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 1992
9. Carlo D'Este, Decision in Normandy, Konecky & Konecky, 1994 (Chap 3, 6, 7).
10. John Keegan, Six Armies in Normandy, Viking Penguin, 1994. (On Reserve in Johnson Center Library)
11. Charles E. Heller and William A. Stofft, ed., America's First Battles, 1776-1965, University of Kansas Press, 1987.  (On Reserve in Johnson Center Library)
12. Harry W. Pfanz, Gettysburg, The Second Day, University of North Carolina Press,1998.  (On Reserve in Johnson Center Library)
13. Harry W. Pfanz, Gettysburg--Culp’s Hill and Cemetery Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1993. (On Reserve in Johnson Center Library)
14. Stephen W. Sears, Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam, Warner Books, 1983. (On Reserve in Johnson Center Library)
15. Harold G. Moore and Joseph L. Galloway, We were soldiers once -and young, Random House, 1992. (On Reserve in Johnson Center Library)

Topographic Maps:

The following map sheets provide coverage for each of the battlefield staff rides.  These are current topographic maps from the 7.5 minute quadrant series in a scale of 1:24,000.  The maps are available from the USGS Map Sales office at USGS headquarters on Sunrise Valley Drive in Reston or the Department of the Interior in downtown Washington.  Some local retailers (e.g. REI) also carry these maps.

1. Antietam (MD) - Keedysville; Middletown; Sheperdstown (WV)
2. Gettysburg (PA) - Gettysburg; Fairfield

Student Requirements

Examinations and Examination Policies:

There will be a midterm exam and a several short graded exercises.

Staff Ride:

Each student must participate in a Staff Ride at one of the following battlefields.

• Antietam National Battlefield (NPS site)

• Gettysburg National Military Park (NPS site)

A Staff Ride is an organized and methodical study of a particular historical battle conducted on foot over the battleground. The study begins with detailed preparation in terms of background reading and discussion of the battle. Each participant is responsible for studying and leading discussions, before and during the Staff Ride, concerning the actions of particular battle formations or leaders as a way to understand the flow of the battle. In the field, participants must be prepared to orient the staff during various phases of the battle and present briefings on the actions of the units or leaders for which they are responsible. The Staff Ride amounts to an After Action Review of an historical engagement. This is NOT your Grandfather’s tour of Gettysburg.

Research and Analysis:

Each student will demonstrate their understanding of the geographical factors discussed in class by applying them to an analysis of a selected battlefield. This analysis will be the major research project of the course. The analysis will address the influence of the battlefield environment on the Battlefield Operating Systems in terms of the conduct and outcome of a particular military operation. I suggest you begin by selecting a particular tactical operation, conducted by a formation no larger than a division (preferably at brigade or battalion level), and then work backward to consider the larger operational and strategic settings. A list of suggested topics is at appendix 1 to Annex C of the syllabus; you are not limited to this list, it is only a guide. ROTC students are limited to a study of American operations during the 20^th century (but that still leaves a lot of ground and a wide variety of operations from which to choose). You will be asked to submit a study proposal early in the course.

Written Work:

1. Each student will submit the results of their battlefield analysis as a case study paper.
2. Graduate students will evaluate a selected book on military history in terms of how well it provided the reader with a sense of the geographical influences.

Oral Presentation:

Each student will prepare a short case study poster presentation highlighting the lessons related to the geographical factors identified by the battle analysis.  This presentation will be in lieu of a Final Exam and will be held on 9 May from 4:30-7:15 pm.

Selected Web Sites and Readings

Staff Ride

• Harry W. Pfanz, Gettysburg, The Second Day, University of North Carolina Press,1998. (on reserve)

• Stephen W. Sears, Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam, Warner Books, 1983. (on reserve)

• "How to Read a Civil War Battlefield" by Prof. Mark Grimsley, Ohio State University

• Battle Leader Biographies

  • Civil War Biographies from the "The Home of the American Civil War" website

  • The Index of Civil War Generals provides succinct biographical sketches specifically for the web.

Case Study 1: Normandy Landings - Operation Overlord (June 1944)

• Normandy - U.S. Army Campaigns in World War II, Center for Military History

• Encyclopedia Britannica entry for Normandy Invasion; see illustrations and Shockwave animated maps.

• Cross-Channel Attack by Gordon A. Harrison is the "Green Book" volume of the official history.  The text is available online from the Center for Military History (CMH).

• Omaha Beach is another CMH publication from the American Forces in Action series published by the Historical Section of the War Department.

• Decision in Normandy, Carlo D'Este, NY: Konecky & Konecky, 1983 (Chap 3, 6, 7).

Case Study 2: The Destruction of Task Force Faith  (November 1950)

• Selection from Combat Actions in Korea, Chap 6 Chosin Reservoir.  This excerpt describes the actions of elements of the 31st Infantry RTC and Task Force Faith during the initial Chinese attacks in Nov-Dec 1950.

• Selection from the official history of the Korean War Ebb and Flow: November 1950-July 1951, Chapter V Battle of the Changjin Reservoir also describes the defense of the 31st RCT and subsequent breakout from an operational level perspective.

• East of Chosin, Roy E. Appleman, Texas A&M University Press, 1987

• Chapter 36, "Weather", from Combined Arms in Battle Since 1939, Roger J. Spiller, General Editor

Case Study 3: First Battle of the Ia Drang Valley (November 1965)

• 7th United States Cavalry and LZ X-Ray

• "1st Cavalry Division and Ia Drang Valley," by George C. Herring, in  America's First Battles, 1776-1965, Charles E. Heller and William A. Stofft, ed., University of Kansas Press, 1987. (on Reserve)

• Chapter 2, "Airmobile Operations", from Combined Arms in Battle Since 1939, Roger J. Spiller, General Editor

Military History Sites:

• U.S. Army Center for Military History (CMH) located on Ft. McNair, Washington, D.C.  This site includes an extensive digital library in the Online Bookshelf of official histories, particularly for World War II and Korea.

• U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center (AHEC) colocated with the U.S. Army War College at Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, PA.  This site includes an excellent set of primary source documents and images available online.  Scroll down to Historic Documents Online. 

• Combat Studies Institute (CSI) colocated with the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Ft. Leavenworth, KS.

• History Department, United States Military Academy, has a great atlas page providing maps for download.

• Imperial War Museum, London includes online exhibits on the Battle of Britain, Korea, and the World Wars.

• The Virtual Airborne Museum has interesting personal accounts of airborne operations in all theaters of World War II.

Tentative Class Schedule

(As of  February 27, 2010 )

 Instructor's Military Experience

Mr. Dillon is a former infantry officer whose active service included command and staff assignments with the 1st Cavalry Division at Fort Hood and the 3rd and 8th Infantry Divisions in the Federal Republic of Germany.  A 1985 graduate of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, he has been an Army service school instructor in military history, combat operations, and Soviet military operations.  Currently, Mr. Dillon is adjunct faculty with the Industrial College of the Armed Forces at the National Defense University, Washington, D.C.

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