Kozlowski
Law Review Columns 1982-Present
2008
Case of
the State Park
"Drowning Machine" *
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Apr. 2008. Vol.
43, Iss.4.
* case reversed on appeal see appeallate opinion attached
to article
2007
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Dec. 2007. Vol.
42, Iss.12.
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Mar.. 2007. Vol.
42, Iss.3.
Waiver
for Disabled Teen Drowning
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Jan. 2007. Vol. 42,
Iss.1.
2006
Gift of
Park Land in Perpetuity
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Dec. 2006. Vol. 41,
Iss.12.
Community
Center "Dirty Dancing"
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Nov. 2006. Vol. 41,
Iss.11.
Park Pot
Hole Bike Fatality
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Sep 2006. Vol. 41,
Iss.9.
Preacher
Too Loud for Commons
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Jul 2006. Vol. 41,
Iss.7.
"Pine
Tree" Cell Tower in Park
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Jun 2006. Vol. 41,
Iss.6.
2005
.
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Apr 2005. Vol. 40, Iss . 4
Recreation Safety Act Immunity Limited To
Inherent Risks
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Mar 2005. Vol. 40, Iss . 3
Police
Claim Authority to Ban Gambler from Park Indefinitely
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Feb 2005. Vol. 40, Iss . 2
ADA
Requires Wheelchair Areas to Be Integrated Into General Seating
James C.
Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation
. Jan 2005. Vol. 40, Iss . 1
2004
Federal
Law Prohibits Discrimination Against
Citizen-Soldiers
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Dec 2004. Vol. 39, Iss . 12
Central
Park Demonstration Might Destroy Great Lawn
James C.
Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation
. NOV 2004. Vol. 39, Iss . 11
“Sexual
Addict” Banned From Parks After “Cruising”
For Kids
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Oct 2004. Vol. 39, Iss . 10
State
Fair Fails ADA Accessibility Test For
Existing Facilities
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Sep 2004. Vol. 39, Iss . 9
Park
Buy-A-Brick Fundraiser Hits A
Constitutional Wall
James C.
Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .
Aug 2004. Vol. 39, Iss.
8
Religious
Message Excluded From Christmas Displays In
Park
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Jul 2004. Vol. 39, Iss. 7
Tough
Breaks Are Just Part Of The Game
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Jun 2004. Vol. 39, Iss. 6
Eagles
Ten Commandments Park Monument Fails “Lemon” Test
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . May 2004. Vol. 39, Iss. 5
Pine Tree
Falls On Camper During Thunderstorm
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Apr 2004. Vol. 39, Iss. 4
Entrapment Danger In Playground Reported
But Not Corrected
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Mar
2004. Vol. 39, Iss. 3
Trainer
Fails To Report Head Injury Symptoms To
Physician
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Feb 2004. Vol. 39, Iss. 2
Racing
Dive Breaks Neck Of Fearful Novice Swimmer
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Jan 2004. Vol. 39, Iss. 1
2003
No Home For Homeschooling At
The Rec Center
James C.
Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .
Dec 2003. Vol. 38, Iss.
12
Pedophile
Clown Brings His Act To Playland
James C.
Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .
Nov 2003. Vol. 38, Iss.
11
Expressway Project Drives Bikeway Funding Off The
Roads Bill
James C.
Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .
Oct 2003. Vol. 38, Iss.
10
Developers Challenge Fee For Parks &
Recreation
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Sep 2003. Vol. 38, Iss. 9
State
Bills Would Ban Public Competition With
Private Business
James C.
Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .
Aug 2003. Vol. 38, Iss.
8
Coach
Breaks Player’s Arm Demonstrating Technique
James C.
Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .
Jul 2003. Vol. 38, Iss.
7
Baseball
Spectator Assumes Normal Risk Of Foul Ball Injury?
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Jun 2003. Vol. 38, Iss. 6
Jogger
Injured By Errant Shot From Park Golf Course
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . May 2003. Vol. 38, Iss. 5
Sweet 16
Party At Rec. Center Ends In Fatal
Parking Lot Shoot Out
James C.
Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .
Apr 2003. Vol. 38, Iss.
4
Angry
Hockey Dad Fights Five Year Ban From City
Arena
James C.
Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .
Mar 2003. Vol. 38, Iss.
3
Lake
Tahoe Development Moratorium Passes Constitutional Test
James C.
Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .
Feb 2003. Vol. 38, Iss.
2
“Invasion
Of Privacy” For Unauthorized Use Of Team
Photo?
James C.
Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .
Jan 2003. Vol. 38, Iss.
1
2002
ADA
Requires Daycare Program To Accommodate
Autistic Child
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Dec 2002. Vol. 37, Iss. 12
Heirs
Claim Undeveloped Park Parcel Under “Use It
Or Lose It” Clause
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Nov 2002. Vol. 37, Iss. 11
Supreme
Court: Random Drug Testing Constitutional
Without Identifiable Drug Problem
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Oct 2002. Vol. 37, Iss. 10
Duty To Follow Established Procedures To Warn
Beachgoers Of Lightning Storms
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Sep 2002. Vol. 37, Iss. 9
County
Dress Code Ruled Unconstitutional
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Aug 2002. Vol. 37, Iss. 8
Parking
Lot Security Questioned In Rock Festival Mishap
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Jul 2002. Vol. 37, Iss. 7
Injured
Little Leaguer Lost Fly Ball In The
Setting Sun
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Jun 2002. Vol. 37, Iss.
Is A
Politically Correct Code Of Conduct Too Idealistic For The First
Amendment?
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . May 2002. Vol. 37, Iss. 5
No Threat
Of Unconstitutional Censorship In
Park Permit Ordinance
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Apr 2002. Vol. 37, Iss. 4
Constitutional Test For Gender
Discrimination In Public Facilities
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Mar 2002. Vol. 37, Iss. 3
"Unattended Structures" Ban Includes Nativity Scene
On Town Green
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Feb 2002. Vol. 37, Iss. 2
Prescription Medication Policies Prompt ADA Claims
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Jan 2002. Vol. 37, Iss. 1
2001
"Pot
Festival" Organizers Challenge City's Park Permit Ordinance
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Dec 2001. Vol. 36, Iss. 12
Highway
Victim Blames Facility For Allowing
"Safe Haven" For Alcohol Consumption
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Nov 2001. Vol. 36, Iss. 11
Can Towns
Restrict Public Park Access To Residents And Their Guests?
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Oct 2001. Vol. 36, Iss. 10
Peripheral Rule Waiver Is Not "Fundamental Alteration" Under ADA
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Sep 2001. Vol. 36, Iss. 9
Bible
Youth Group Excluded From School Open For
Community Use
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Aug 2001. Vol. 36, Iss. 8
Random
Drug Testing Requires Identifiable Drug Abuse Problem
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Jul 2001. Vol. 36, Iss. 7
Lack Of Safety Information And Training Faulted In
Cheerleading Injury
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Jun 2001. Vol. 36, Iss. 6
Challenged Dress Code Prohibited Clothing With
Offensive Illustrations
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . May 2001. Vol. 36, Iss. 5
Author
Generally Owns Copyright Unless Employee Or
"Work For Hire"
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Apr 2001. Vol. 36, Iss. 4
Unconstitutional Retaliation Against
Employee's Free Speech?
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Mar 2001. Vol. 36, Iss. 3
Toy Beach
Buckets Entice Children To Play In
Hazardous Surf
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Feb 2001. Vol. 36, Iss. 2
State
Rejects KKK Application For Adopt-A-Highway Program
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Jan 2001. Vol. 36, Iss. 1
2000
Duty To Educate Youth About Risk Of Sexual Abuse By Voluteers
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Dec 2000. Vol. 35, Iss . 12
Combat
Karate Class Illustrates ADA "Direct Threat" Exception
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Nov 2000. Vol. 35, Iss . 11
Strict
Attendance Policy For School Choir Prompts
ADA Claim
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Oct 2000. Vol. 35, Iss . 10
First
Amendment Dilemma: Civic Event Fund Discriminated Against Prayer
Day
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Sep 2000. Vol. 35, Iss . 9
Protruding Floor Mat Tests "Open And
Obvious Condition" Doctrine
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Aug 2000. Vol. 35, Iss . 8
Junior
Lifeguard Competition Participant Assumes Risk Of
Injury
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Jul 2000. Vol. 35, Iss . 7
Establishment Clause Violation Persists Despite Sale of Park Statue
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Jun 2000. Vol. 35, Iss . 6
Pro
Golfer’s Cart “Reasonable Accommodation” under ADA
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . May 2000. Vol. 35, Iss . 5
Corrective Measures Relevant In Determining "Disability" Under ADA
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Apr 2000. Vol. 35, Iss . 4
Girl
Banned From Privately Sponsored Boys Basketball Tournament
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Mar 2000. Vol. 35, Iss . 3
The
Writing On The Wall Is Going, Going, Gone
School
Refuses To Post Ten Commandments
Advertisement On Ballfield Fence
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Feb 2000. Vol. 35, Iss . 2
Court
Upholds Juvenile Curfew Law
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Jan 2000. Vol. 35, Iss . 1
1999
Brother,
Can You Spare A Dime? Panhandling In Public Parks
And Places
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Dec 1999. Vol. 34, Iss . 12; P. 34 (5 Pages)
Sports
League Held Liable For Brutal Attack On
Coach
Sports
Leagues Held Liable For Volunteer’s Attack On Coach
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Nov 1999. Vol. 34, Iss . 11; P. 45 (5 Pages)
Recklessness Standard For Recreation
Participants Reaffirmed
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Oct 1999. Vol. 34, Iss . 10; P. 42 (5 Pages)
Religious
Symbol A Snake In The Grass?
Serpent
Statue In City Park: Unconstitutional
Religious Symbol?
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Sep 1999. Vol. 34, Iss . 9; P. 50 (7 Pages)
Chicago
Won't Stand For Loitering
Criminal
Street Gang “Loitering” Statute Unconstitutionally Vague
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Aug 1999. Vol. 34, Iss . 8; P. 36 (6 Pages)
No Ifs,
Ands Or Butts About It...
Nude
Recreation In Wildlife Area Neighborhood
Nuisance?
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Jul 1999. Vol. 34, Iss . 7; P. 40 (5 Pages)
County
Designated Center Island For Residents Only
(Warren v. Fairfax County "VACATED BY THE COURT")
James C.
Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .
Jun 1999. Vol. 34, Iss
. 6; P. 46
(4 Pages)
Click to See "COREECTED OPINION" in: Warren v. Fairfax County,
School's
Alcohol-Abuse Policy Withstands Constitutional Challenge
James C.
Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation
. May 1999. Vol. 34, Iss . 5; P. 48 (6 Pages)
Enjoy The Lovely View; Beware The Bugs
Enjoying
Natural Environment Includes Risk Of
Dangerous Insects
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Apr 1999. Vol. 34, Iss . 4; P. 48 (4 Pages)
Governmental Immunity & Liability For
Wild Animal Attacks
James C.
Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation
. Mar 1999. Vol. 34, Iss . 3; P. 48 (7 Pages)
Questioning The Constitutionality Of Drug
Tests
Constitutionality Of Drug Test Requirement
For Athletes?
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Feb 1999. Vol. 34, Iss . 2; P. 32 (8 Pages)
Latin Cross In Public Park Violates Federal
And State Constitutions
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Jan 1999. Vol. 34, Iss . 1; P. 38 (7 Pages)
1998
Lifeguards Had No Training Or Policy For
Dialing 911
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Dec 1998. Vol. 33, Iss . 12; P. 32 (5 Pages)
Limited
Liability For Drowning In Undesignated Areas
Limited
Liability For Drowning In Non‑Swimming Area
Of Park
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Nov 1998. Vol. 33, Iss . 11; P. 40 (6 Pages)
State
High Court Upholds Waiver Signed By Parent
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Oct 1998. Vol. 33, Iss . 10; P. 40 (6 Pages)
One
Lifeguard's Ongoing Struggle With Sexual
Harassment
City
Failed To Prevent Sexual Harassment By
Lifeguard Supervisors
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Sep 1998. Vol. 33, Iss . 9; P. 63 (6 Pages)
Providing
Adequate Protection For Hockey Fans
Hockey
Puck “Facial” A Foreseeable Risk For
Spectators?
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Aug 1998. Vol. 33, Iss . 8; P. 40 (5 Pages)
Questioning Exceptions To Recreational Use
Statute Immunity
Sport
League Fees: Exception To Recreational Use
Statute Immunity?
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Jul 1998. Vol. 33, Iss . 7; P. 46 (5 Pages)
Playground Supervision Liability: Opportunity To
Prevent Injury?
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Jun 1998. Vol. 33, Iss . 6; P. 44 (4 Pages)
Contact-Sport Exception Allows For Participant Negligence
James C.
Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation
. May 1998. Vol. 33, Iss . 5; P. 48 (5 Pages)
Exercising Care For The Safety Of Another
Duty To Instruct, Warn, & Demonstrate Unfamiliar
Jumping Exercise
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Apr 1998. Vol. 33, Iss . 4; P. 54 (5 Pages)
White-Water Rafting Waivers Illustrate Expressed Assumption Of Risk
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Mar 1998. Vol. 33, Iss . 3; P. 48 (6 Pages)
State
Recreational Use Laws On Federal Sites
Fee
Exception To State
Recreational Use Laws On Federal Sites
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Feb 1998. Vol. 33, Iss . 2; P. 46 (5 Pages)
Dangerous
Trees Pose A Foreseeable Risk Of Injury
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Jan 1998. Vol. 33, Iss . 1; P. 28 (5 Pages)
1997
Risk Of Injury In The Gymnasium
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Dec 1997. Vol. 32, Iss . 12; P. 24 (6 Pages)
Is Playground Supervision Negligent For Failure To Witness Injury?
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Nov 1997. Vol. 32, Iss . 11; P. 36 (7 Pages)
Post-Injury Procedure: Medical Assistance And Liability
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Oct 1997. Vol. 32, Iss . 10; P. 40 (8 Pages)
Diver Down: Looking Before You Leap
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Sep 1997. Vol. 32, Iss . 9; P. 48 (8 Pages)
Chosen Lightning Protection On Golf Course Must Be Properly Utilized
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Jul 1997. Vol. 32, Iss . 7; P. 46 (6 Pages)
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Jun 1997. Vol. 32, Iss . 6; P. 34 (7 Pages)
No Duty To Keep Premises Reasonably Safe For Adult Trespassers
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . May 1997. Vol. 32, Iss . 5; P. 52 (6 Pages)
Spectators Assume Obvious Risks In Unprotected Areas Of Ballfield
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Apr 1997. Vol. 32, Iss . 4; P. 46 (6 Pages)
Menorah In City Park : Unconstitutional Exception To Ban On Private Park Displays
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation . Mar 1997. Vol. 32, Iss . 3; P. 40 (7 Pages)
Molestation Liability Examines Scope Of Employment & Foreseeability
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation
. Feb 1997. Vol. 32,
Iss . 2; P. 36 (6 Pages)
Beach Fatality Tests Public Recreation Immunity Statute
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Jan 1997. Vol. 32, Iss . 1; P. 34 (5 Pages)
1996
City Policy Ban On Religious Film In Senior Center Unconstitutional
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Dec 1996. Vol. 31, Iss . 12; P. 33 (4 Pages)
Aggressive Play Inherent Risk In Non-Contact Football Class
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Nov 1996. Vol. 31, Iss . 11; P. 30 (4 Pages)
Former Lifeguards Claim City 's Workplace Abusive To Females
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Oct 1996. Vol. 31, Iss . 10; P. 44 (5 Pages)
Basketball Prayer Tradition Unconstitutional
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Sep 1996. Vol. 31, Iss . 9; P. 41 (6 Pages)
Recreation Agencies Concerned About Child Labor Laws
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Aug 1996. Vol. 31, Iss . 8; P. 36 (7 Pages)
"Life Of The Community" Determines Legal Standard For Negligence Liability
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Jul 1996. Vol. 31, Iss . 7; P. 30 (5 Pages)
Overview Of Negligence Liability Principles In Recreation
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Jun 1996. Vol. 31, Iss . 6; P. 24 (4 Pages)
Limited Liability For Criminal Assaults In Park Facilities
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . May 1996. Vol. 31, Iss . 5; P. 28 (4 Pages)
Lifeguard Supervision Liability In Review
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Apr 1996. Vol. 31, Iss . 4; P. 36 (6 Pages)
Liability Waivers And Releases Overview: Can You Say "Exculpatory Agreement"?
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Mar 1996. Vol. 31, Iss . 3; P. 30 (5 Pages)
Landowner Duty: Assure Premises No More Dangerous Than It Appears To Be
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Feb 1996. Vol. 31, Iss . 2; P. 34 (6 Pages)
Sports Coach & Physical Activity Instructors Legal Duties Of Care In Review
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Jan 1996. Vol. 31, Iss . 1; P. 26
1995
Mere Program Sponsorship Promoting Physical Activity Insufficient Control To Trigger Liability
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Dec 1995. Vol. 30, Iss . 12; P. 24
KKK Cross On Capitol Square Not State Endorsement Of Religion
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Nov 1995. Vol. 30, Iss . 11; P. 20
Endangered Species Act Regulates Critical Habitat Modification On Private Land
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Oct 1995. Vol. 30, Iss . 10; P. 26
Gay Pride Message Not Accommodated In City Parade Organized By Private Association
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Sep 1995. Vol. 30, Iss . 9; P. 28
Motorcyclist Claims First Amendment Right To Ride Through County Park
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Aug 1995. Vol. 30, Iss . 8; P. 25 (4 Pages)
Ethnic Group Denied Permit To Erect Statue Of Political Figure In Park
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Jul 1995. Vol. 30, Iss . 7; P. 20 (6 Pages)
Denial Of Permit To Develop Coastal Wetland, An Unconstitutional Taking?
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Jun 1995. Vol. 30, Iss . 6; P. 20 (5 Pages)
Private Property Bill More Demanding Than Constitution
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . May 1995. Vol. 30, Iss . 5; P. 16 (5 Pages)
Outdoor Recreation Planning & Coordination
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Apr 1995. Vol. 30, Iss . 4; P. 28 (4 Pages)
Intoxicated Trespasser Drowns In Closed City Pool
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Mar 1995. Vol. 30, Iss . 3; P. 36 (4 Pages)
ADA Regulations Require Detailed Self-Evaluation Of Accessibility
James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Feb 1995. Vol. 30, Iss