Kozlowski Law Review Columns by Topic
(click topic)


Lifeguard and Aquatics Liability


Spectator Liability


Coach/Instructor Liability


Negligence Principles


Standard of Care in Determining Negligence Liability


Supervision Liability


Assumption of Risk & Liability for Sport/Recreation Participants


Post Injury Liability in Sports and Recreation


Agency Liability for Sexual Molestation


Gender Discrimination in Recreation


Disability Discrimination in Sports and Recreation


Constitutional Law: First Amendment Freedom of Speech


Constitutional Law: First Amendment Establishment Clause: Separation of Church & State


Constitutional Law: Fourth Amendment Drug Testing


Constitutional Law: 5th Amendment Private Property Rights


Constitutional Law Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause


Employment Law Issues


Public Competition with Private Sector in Recreation


Copyright Law


Environmental Law


Federal Law and Policy Issues in Recreation


Landowner Premises Liability in Parks & Recreation


Recreational Use Statute Immunity


Liability Waivers & Releases


Park Land Diversion


Mandatory Dedication for Parks


Land and Water Conservation Fund


Playground Safety & Liability


Privacy/Publicity Rights of the Individual


Trespasser Liability in Parks & Recreation


As noted, the monthly articles listed below have appeared in Parks & Recreation magazine
Parks & Recreation is the official publication of the National Recreation and Park Association


Parks & Recreation magazine website:
http://www.nrpa.org/content/default.aspx?documentId=507


National Recreation and Park Association website: http://www.nrpa.org/


COPYRIGHT NOTICE



************************


General Negligence Principles


Overview Of Negligence Liability Principles In Recreation

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Jun 1996. Vol. 31, Iss . 6; P. 24 (4 Pages)

 

Mere Program Sponsorship Promoting Physical Activity Insufficient Control To Trigger Liability

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Dec 1995. Vol. 30, Iss . 12; P. 24 

 

Control Test Defines Independent Contractor or Employee Sports Official

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Apr 1992. Vol. 27, Iss . 4; p. 22 (5 pages)


In Search of the Adequate Warning Sign: Communication Is the Key

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .    Oct 1988. Vol. 23, Iss . 10; p. 20



Travel & Tourism Publication Fails To Investigate Accuracy Of Information

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Feb 1993. Vol. 28, Iss . 2

A Common Sense View of Liability
A Reasonable Perspective On Recreational Injury Liability

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Sep 1988. Vol. 23, Iss . 9; p. 56




Standard of Care in Determining Negligence Liability

Entrapment Hazard in Pool Drains
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Nov.. 2007. Vol. 42, Iss.11.

 

"Life Of The Community" Determines Legal Standard For Negligence Liability

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Jul 1996. Vol. 31, Iss . 7; P. 30 (5 Pages)


Chosen Lightning Protection On Golf Course Must Be Properly Utilized

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Jul 1997. Vol. 32, Iss . 7; P. 46 (6 Pages)


Do Association Standards Impose Legal Duty on NRPA ?

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Feb 1988. Vol. 23, Iss . 2; p. 16



Coach/Instructor Liability

 

Sports Coach & Physical Activity Instructors Legal Duties Of Care In Review

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Jan 1996. Vol. 31, Iss . 1; P. 26


Wrestling Class Sparks Battle of the Expert Witnesses

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Apr 1989. Vol. 24, Iss . 4; p. 16



Supervision Liability

Is Playground Supervision Negligent For Failure To Witness Injury?

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Nov 1997. Vol. 32, Iss . 11; P. 36 (7 Pages)


Written supervision standard not followed in golf mishap.
James C. Kozlowski.   Parks & Recreation Dec 1985 v20 p20(4)


Day Camp Supervisor Liable for Log Rolling Fatality in City Park

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Oct 1991. Vol. 26, Iss . 10; p. 16


Playground Supervision Questioned in Eye Injury Cases

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Jun 1989. Vol. 24, Iss . 6; p. 16


Handicapped Athlete Fatally Injured Enroute to Gym

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Dec 1988. Vol. 23, Iss . 12; p. 14


Playground Supervision Questioned in Restaurant Injury

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Mar 1988. Vol. 23, Iss . 3; p. 20


Must university prevent camper's alcohol consumption on field trip?
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation April 1987 v22 p24(5)




  Playground Safety & Liability

Age Appropriate Playground Safety Guidelines
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Mar.. 2007. Vol. 42, Iss.3.


Entrapment Danger In Playground Reported But Not Corrected

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Mar 2004. Vol. 39, Iss. 3

Playground Safety, The Next Generation, Hazard Patterns

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Jul 1993. Vol. 28, Iss . 7

Playground Safety Maintenance Guidelines, The Next Generation

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Apr 1993. Vol. 28, Iss . 4

Are you familiar with the public playground safety guidelines?
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation Sept 1987 v22 p16(7)


Playground Liability For Exposed Concrete Footing Under Monkey Bars In State Park

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Sep 1992. Vol. 27, Iss . 9



 
Constitutional Law: First Amendment Freedom of Speech


Unpermitted Park Literature Distribution
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Jul.. 2007. Vol. 42, Iss.7.


Community Center "Dirty Dancing"
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Nov. 2006. Vol. 41, Iss.11.


Preacher Too Loud for Commons
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Jul 2006. Vol. 41, Iss.7.


Free Speech and Public/Private Events
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Apr. 2006. Vol. 41, Iss.4.


Special Event Fee Left Too Much Discretion To Licensing Official
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Jul 2005. Vol. 40, Iss. 7.


Central Park Demonstration Might Destroy Great Lawn

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    NOV 2004. Vol. 39, Iss . 11


County Dress Code Ruled Unconstitutional

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Aug 2002. Vol. 37, Iss. 8


Is A Politically Correct Code Of Conduct Too Idealistic For The First Amendment?

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   May 2002. Vol. 37, Iss. 5

 

No Threat Of Unconstitutional Censorship In Park Permit Ordinance

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Apr 2002. Vol. 37, Iss. 4

 

"Pot Festival" Organizers Challenge City's Park Permit Ordinance

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Dec 2001. Vol. 36, Iss. 12

 

Can Towns Restrict Public Park Access To Residents And Their Guests?

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Oct 2001. Vol. 36, Iss. 10

   

Court Upholds Juvenile Curfew Law

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Jan 2000. Vol. 35, Iss . 1


Brother, Can You Spare A Dime? Panhandling In Public Parks And Places

<> James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Dec 1999. Vol. 34, Iss . 12; P. 34 (5 Pages)  


County Designated Center Island For Residents Only
(Warren v. Fairfax County "VACATED BY THE COURT")

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Jun 1999. Vol. 34, Iss . 6; P. 46 (4 Pages)

Click to See "COREECTED OPINION" in: Warren v. Fairfax County, 

  <>

Gay Pride Message Not Accommodated In City Parade Organized By Private Association

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Sep 1995. Vol. 30, Iss . 9; P. 28

 

Motorcyclist Claims First Amendment Right To Ride Through County Park

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Aug 1995. Vol. 30, Iss . 8; P. 25 (4 Pages)

 

Ethnic Group Denied Permit To Erect Statue Of Political Figure In Park

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Jul 1995. Vol. 30, Iss . 7; P. 20 (6 Pages)

 

State Rejects KKK Application For Adopt-A-Highway Program

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Jan 2001. Vol. 36, Iss. 1

 

Equestrians Allege Park Horseback Riding Regulation Unconstitutional

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Mar 1993. Vol. 28, Iss . 3


Constitution Requires Prompt Judicial Review of Park Permit Denial

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Jun 1990. Vol. 25, Iss . 6; p. 20

 

Does the Constitution Protect Nude Bathing at a Public Beach ?

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   May 1990. Vol. 25, Iss . 5; p. 16


Park Regulations Unconstitutional As Applied To Political Protestor

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Jul 1994. Vol. 29, Iss . 7
 

Regulating Constitutionally Protected Symbolic Speech in Parks

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Sep 1989. Vol. 24, Iss . 9; p. 22


Burning the American Flag: Political Protest with Constitutional Protection

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Dec 1989. Vol. 24, Iss . 12; p. 17

 

Park Service Noise Regulation Unconstitutionally Applied To War Protest

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Dec 1993. Vol. 28, Iss . 12


Constitutional Law: First Amendment Establishment Clause: Separation of Church & State


Supreme Court Split on Public Display of Ten Commandments
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Sep 2005. Vol. 40, Iss. 9.


Constitutional Fence for a Monumental Controversy?

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Apr 2005. Vol. 40, Iss . 4


Park Buy-A-Brick Fundraiser Hits A Constitutional Wall

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Aug 2004. Vol. 39, Iss. 8

 

Religious Message Excluded From Christmas Displays In Park

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Jul 2004. Vol. 39, Iss. 7


Eagles Ten Commandments Park Monument Fails “Lemon” Test

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   May 2004. Vol. 39, Iss. 5


No Home For Homeschooling At The Rec Center

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Dec 2003. Vol. 38, Iss. 12

Bible Youth Group Excluded From School Open For Community Use

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Aug 2001. Vol. 36, Iss. 8


"Unattended Structures" Ban Includes Nativity Scene On Town Green

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Feb 2002. Vol. 37, Iss. 2


First Amendment Dilemma: Civic Event Fund Discriminated Against Prayer Day

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Sep 2000. Vol. 35, Iss . 9

Establishment Clause Violation Persists Despite Sale of Park Statue

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Jun 2000. Vol. 35, Iss . 6


The Writing On The Wall Is Going, Going, Gone

School Refuses To Post Ten Commandments Advertisement On Ballfield Fence

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Feb 2000. Vol. 35, Iss . 2


Religious Symbol A Snake In The Grass?

Serpent Statue In City Park: Unconstitutional Religious Symbol?

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Sep 1999. Vol. 34, Iss . 9; P. 50 (7 Pages)


Latin Cross In Public Park Violates Federal And State Constitutions

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Jan 1999. Vol. 34, Iss . 1; P. 38 (7 Pages)


Menorah In City Park : Unconstitutional Exception To Ban On Private Park Displays

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Mar 1997. Vol. 32, Iss . 3; P. 40 (7 Pages)


City Policy Ban On Religious Film In Senior Center Unconstitutional

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Dec 1996. Vol. 31, Iss . 12; P. 33 (4 Pages)


Basketball Prayer Tradition Unconstitutional

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Sep 1996. Vol. 31, Iss . 9; P. 41 (6 Pages)


KKK Cross On Capitol Square Not State Endorsement Of Religion

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Nov 1995. Vol. 30, Iss . 11; P. 20<>

Krishnas Challenge Park Service Regs Banning Solicitation & Sales On Mall

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Mar 1994. Vol. 29, Iss . 3

Religious Freedom Constitutional Challenge to Sports Program Rule

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Jul 1990. Vol. 25, Iss . 7; p. 23


Constitution Bans Religious Effect in Public Holiday Displays

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Oct 1989. Vol. 24, Iss . 10; p. 20


A Christmas carol in the park from the Supremes.
James C. Kozlowski.  Parks & Recreation June 1985 v20 p16(6)



Constitutional Law: Fourth Amendment Drug Testing


Supreme Court: Random Drug Testing Constitutional Without Identifiable Drug Problem

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Oct 2002. Vol. 37, Iss. 10


Random Drug Testing Requires Identifiable Drug Abuse Problem

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Jul 2001. Vol. 36, Iss. 7


Questioning The Constitutionality Of Drug Tests

Constitutionality Of Drug Test Requirement For Athletes?

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Feb 1999. Vol. 34, Iss . 2; P. 32 (8 Pages)



Constitutional Law: 5th Amendment Private Property Rights

<>
Waterfront Revitalization Condemns Homes
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Feb. 2006. Vol. 41, Iss. 2.


Lake Tahoe Development Moratorium Passes Constitutional Test

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Feb 2003. Vol. 38, Iss. 2


Endangered Species Act Regulates Critical Habitat Modification On Private Land

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Oct 1995. Vol. 30, Iss . 10; P. 26


Denial Of Permit To Develop Coastal Wetland, An Unconstitutional Taking?

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Jun 1995. Vol. 30, Iss . 6; P. 20 (5 Pages)


Constitutional Greenway Dedication Requires "Rough Proportionality" to Development's Impact

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Sep 1994. Vol. 29, Iss . 9


Constitutional Dire Straits For Public Ban On Private Beach Building

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Oct 1992. Vol. 27, Iss . 10

<>
Constitutional Law: Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause

Unwritten Park Trespass Policy Unconstitutional
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Feb.. 2007. Vol. 42, Iss.2.


Cardboard Homeless Shelter in Park
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Oct 2006. Vol. 41, Iss.10.


Molester Park Ban Constitutional Process
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Dec. 2005. Vol. 40, Iss. 12.


Police Claim Authority to Ban Gambler from Park Indefinitely

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Feb 2005. Vol. 40, Iss . 2

 

“Sexual Addict” Banned From Parks After “Cruising” For Kids

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Oct 2004. Vol. 39, Iss . 10

 

Pedophile Clown Brings His Act To Playland

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Nov 2003. Vol. 38, Iss. 11

Angry Hockey Dad Fights Five Year Ban From City Arena

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Mar 2003. Vol. 38, Iss. 3


Chicago Won't Stand For Loitering

Criminal Street Gang “Loitering” Statute Unconstitutionally Vague

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Aug 1999. Vol. 34, Iss . 8; P. 36 (6 Pages)

School's Alcohol-Abuse Policy Withstands Constitutional Challenge

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    May 1999. Vol. 34, Iss . 5; P. 48 (6 Pages)


Ordinance Prohibiting Nighttime Loitering in City Park Constitutional

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Jan 1993. Vol. 28, Iss . 1



Privacy/Publicity Rights of the Individual


"Right of Publicity" in Park Promo Media
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. May. 2006. Vol. 41, Iss.5.


“Invasion Of Privacy” For Unauthorized Use Of Team Photo?

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Jan 2003. Vol. 38, Iss. 1

Challenged Dress Code Prohibited Clothing With Offensive Illustrations

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   May 2001. Vol. 36, Iss. 5


Sunbather Gives City the Shirt off Her Back to Test Nudity Ban in Parks

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Jul 1991. Vol. 26, Iss . 7; p. 24



Liability Waivers & Releases

Commercial Waiver Signed by Parent
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Jun.. 2007. Vol. 42, Iss.6.

 

Waiver for Disabled Teen Drowning
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Jan. 2007. Vol. 42, Iss.1.


State High Court Upholds Waiver Signed By Parent

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Oct 1998. Vol. 33, Iss . 10; P. 40 (6 Pages)


White-Water Rafting Waivers Illustrate Expressed Assumption Of Risk

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Mar 1998. Vol. 33, Iss . 3; P. 48 (6 Pages)


Liability Waivers And Releases Overview: Can You Say "Exculpatory Agreement"?

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .    Mar 1996. Vol. 31, Iss . 3; P. 30 (5 Pages)


Waiver in City-Sponsored Triathlon Bike Race not Against Public Policy

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   May 1992. Vol. 27, Iss . 5; p. 14 (6 pages)


Validity of Liability Release Signed by Parent and Minor Gymnast

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   May 1988. Vol. 23, Iss . 5; p. 18


Softball Player Signed Official Team Roster Containing Liability Release

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Aug 1991. Vol. 26, Iss . 8; p. 20


PTA Magic Show Waiver Signed Minor and Parent Enforceable, if Clear

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Apr 1991. Vol. 26, Iss . 4; p. 14

 <>
Racquet and health club recent supervision and waiver cases.
James C. Kozlowski.  Parks & Recreation Dec 1986 v21 p16(4)

Courts frown on liability release agreements. 
James C. Kozlowski.  Parks & Recreation June 1982 v17 p48(4)

 
<>

Park Land Diversion

Gift of Park Land in Perpetuity
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Dec. 2006. Vol. 41, Iss.12.

 

"Pine Tree" Cell Tower in Park
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Jun 2006. Vol. 41, Iss.6.


Parkland Protection "Paramount Importance"
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Mar. 2006. Vol. 41, Iss.3.


Heirs Claim Undeveloped Park Parcel Under “Use It Or Lose It” Clause

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Nov 2002. Vol. 37, Iss. 11


The restaurant in Central Park; a diversion case study.
James C. Kozlowski.  Parks & Recreation April 1985 v20 p34(5)



Federal Law and Policy Issues in Recreation

Expressway Project Drives Bikeway Funding Off The Roads Bill

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Oct 2003. Vol. 38, Iss. 10


Recreation Agencies Concerned About Child Labor Laws

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Aug 1996. Vol. 31, Iss . 8; P. 36 (7 Pages)


Private Property Bill More Demanding Than Constitution

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   May 1995. Vol. 30, Iss . 5; P. 16 (5 Pages)

 

Outdoor Recreation Planning & Coordination

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Apr 1995. Vol. 30, Iss . 4; P. 28 (4 Pages)


Volunteer Protection Bills Offer "Carrot And Stick" To States To Enact Federal "Feel Good" Tort Reform

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Jun 1997. Vol. 32, Iss . 6; P. 34 (7 Pages)


Proposed Federal Volunteer Protection Act: Form or Substance?

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Nov 1988. Vol. 23, Iss . 11; p. 12


Surplus federal property for parks program in review.
James C. Kozlowski.  Parks & Recreation May 1982 v17 p32(5)


President's commission examines public recreation on private lands.
James C. Kozlowski.  Parks & Recreation June 1986 v21 p16(4)


Senate bills would limit liability under civil rights statute.
Jim Kozlowski.  Parks & Recreation Nov 1982 v17 p16(4)

GAO recommends national park entrance fee increase.
James C. Kozlowski.  Parks & Recreation Oct 1982 v17 p12(3)



Land and Water Conservation Fund


New Yankee Stadium Replaces Parkland
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Apr.. 2007. Vol. 42, Iss.4.


Land & Water Conservation Fund Act Blocks Conversion of Scenic Easement to Golf Course

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Aug 1994. Vol. 29, Iss . 8


Environmental Law

 

Gun Club Lead Shot "Hazardous Waste" For Environmental Cleanup Law

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Aug 1993. Vol. 28, Iss . 8

 

Endangered Sea Turtles Protected During City Beach Restoration

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Jun 1993. Vol. 28, Iss . 6

 

Environmental  Challenge To Federal Highway Project Through Park

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Feb 1994. Vol. 29, Iss . 2

 

Clean Water Act Permit Ignored Adverse Impacts On Park Environment

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation . Nov 1993. Vol. 28, Iss . 11



Trespasser Liability in Parks & Recreation


Park Visitor Trespasser After Dark
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. May.. 2007. Vol. 42, Iss.5.


No Duty To Keep Premises Reasonably Safe For Adult Trespassers

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   May 1997. Vol. 32, Iss . 5; P. 52 (6 Pages)

 

Intoxicated Trespasser Drowns In Closed City Pool

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Mar 1995. Vol. 30, Iss . 3; P. 36 (4 Pages)


City Park Tower Of Power Rocks Trespassing Teen's Top Forty Climb

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Aug 1992. Vol. 27, Iss . 8


Rainwater Accumulated In Closed City Pool Raises Attractive Nuisance Risk

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Jun 1992. Vol. 27, Iss . 6


Swimming Pool not "Attractive Nuisance" in Teen Trespasser Diving Injury

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Mar 1992. Vol. 27, Iss . 3; p. 26 (5 pages)

  

 


Landowner Premises Liability in Parks & Recreation


Burning Ring of Fire
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Dec. 2007. Vol. 42, Iss.12.


Park Pot Hole Bike Fatality
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Sep 2006. Vol. 41, Iss.9.


Park Fireworks Display Injures Boy Weeks Later, Off Site
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Nov 2005. Vol. 40, Iss. 11.


Unguarded Beach Appeared to be Designated Swimming Area
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Aug 2005. Vol. 40, Iss. 8.


Pine Tree Falls On Camper During Thunderstorm

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Apr 2004. Vol. 39, Iss. 4


Jogger Injured By Errant Shot From Park Golf Course

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   May 2003. Vol. 38, Iss. 5

 

Sweet 16 Party At Rec. Center Ends In Fatal Parking Lot Shoot Out

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Apr 2003. Vol. 38, Iss. 4

Duty To Follow Established Procedures To Warn Beachgoers Of Lightning Storms

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Sep 2002. Vol. 37, Iss. 9


Parking Lot Security Questioned In Rock Festival Mishap

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Jul 2002. Vol. 37, Iss. 7


Toy Beach Buckets Entice Children To Play In Hazardous Surf

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Feb 2001. Vol. 36, Iss. 2


Protruding Floor Mat Tests "Open And Obvious Condition" Doctrine

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Aug 2000. Vol. 35, Iss . 8


Enjoy The Lovely View; Beware The Bugs

Enjoying Natural Environment Includes Risk Of Dangerous Insects

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Apr 1999. Vol. 34, Iss . 4; P. 48 (4 Pages)

 

Governmental Immunity & Liability For Wild Animal Attacks

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Mar 1999. Vol. 34, Iss . 3; P. 48 (7 Pages)

No Ifs, Ands Or Butts About It...

Nude Recreation In Wildlife Area Neighborhood Nuisance?

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Jul 1999. Vol. 34, Iss . 7; P. 40 (5 Pages)


Dangerous Trees Pose A Foreseeable Risk Of Injury

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Jan 1998. Vol. 33, Iss . 1; P. 28 (5 Pages)


Risk Of Injury In The Gymnasium

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Dec 1997. Vol. 32, Iss . 12; P. 24 (6 Pages)

 

Limited Liability For Criminal Assaults In Park Facilities

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   May 1996. Vol. 31, Iss . 5; P. 28 (4 Pages) 


Landowner Duty: Assure Premises No More Dangerous Than It Appears To Be

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Feb 1996. Vol. 31, Iss . 2; P. 34 (6 Pages)


Rope Swing in Park Presents Obvious Risk of Fall

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Nov 1994. Vol. 29, Iss . 11


No Duty To Warn Of Obvious  Risk of  Golfing  in Lightning Storm

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Dec 1992. Vol. 27, Iss . 12


Misleading Signage and Dense Foliage Mask Sixty Foot Cliff Near Picnic Area

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Sep 1991. Vol. 26, Iss . 9; p. 42

 

Golfer's Bad Shots Shatter Windshield of Passing Motorist

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   May 1991. Vol. 26, Iss . 5; p. 24


Insect Sting & Bite Liability: A Limited Duty for Landowners

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Oct 1990. Vol. 25, Iss . 10; p. 24


Injured Softball Player Alleges Anchored Base Is Unreasonably Dangerous

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Sep 1990. Vol. 25, Iss . 9; p. 24


Fall from Park District Slide onto Asphalt Fatal to Handicapped Youth

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Mar 1990. Vol. 25, Iss . 3; p. 24


Do Park Rangers Have Duty to Take Intoxicated Driver into Custody?

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Feb 1990. Vol. 25, Iss . 2; p. 20

 

Hole in Park District Fence Prompts $5 Million Judgement

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Jan 1990. Vol. 25, Iss . 1; p. 17

 

Youth Suffocates After Inhaling Balloon Helium from Unattended Tanks

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Nov 1989. Vol. 24, Iss . 11; p. 19


Marina Drowning on Leased Premises in Hydro Project

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Jul 1989. Vol. 24, Iss . 7; p. 18

 

City Park Security Questioned in Restroom Shooting

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   May 1989. Vol. 24, Iss . 5; p. 22


Illinois decision holds asphalt under slide obvious danger. (Alop decision)
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation Dec 1987 v22 n12 p14(6)


Unimproved land immunity in cliff fall. ( McCauley v. City of San Diego)
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation August 1987 v22 p13(6)


Park service defends rope swing injury case.
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation July 1987 v22 p18(5)


Rough sledding on Park District hill.
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation June 8, 1987 v22 p12(6)


NPS fails to warn diver of submerged rock.
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation May 1987 v22 p15(4)


Must landowner protect "mooning" reveler from himself?
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation Jan 1987 v22 p30(4)

<>
Golf course liability for injury to adjacent homeowner.
James C. Kozlowski.  Parks & Recreation May 1986 v21 p24(2)


Intoxicated youth leaves park, hits cyclist who sues county.
James C. Kozlowski.  Parks & Recreation Feb 1986 v21 p62(4)


Notice of vicious propensities determines animal liability.
James C. Kozlowski.  Parks & Recreation August 1986 v21 p8(3)

 

 

Assumption of Risk & Liability for Sport/Recreation Participants


Tough Breaks Are Just Part Of The Game

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Jun 2004. Vol. 39, Iss. 6


Racing Dive Breaks Neck Of Fearful Novice Swimmer

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Jan 2004. Vol. 39, Iss. 1


Recreation Safety Act Immunity Limited To Inherent Risks

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Mar 2005. Vol. 40, Iss . 3


Coach Breaks Player’s Arm Demonstrating Technique

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Jul 2003. Vol. 38, Iss. 7

Dancing Teen Dies After Being Run Over By Parade Float
James C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation.
May 2005. Vol. 40, Iss. 5


Injured Little Leaguer Lost Fly Ball In The Setting Sun

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Jun 2002. Vol. 37, Iss.


Highway Victim Blames Facility For Allowing "Safe Haven" For Alcohol Consumption

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Nov 2001. Vol. 36, Iss. 11


Lack Of Safety Information And Training Faulted In Cheerleading Injury

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation .   Jun 2001. Vol. 36, Iss. 6


Junior Lifeguard Competition Participant Assumes Risk Of Injury

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Jul 2000. Vol. 35, Iss . 7


Sports League Held Liable For Brutal Attack On Coach

Sports Leagues Held Liable For Volunteer’s Attack On    Coach

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Nov 1999. Vol. 34, Iss . 11; P. 45 (5 Pages)

 

Recklessness Reaffirmed

Recklessness Standard For Recreation Participants Reaffirmed

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Oct 1999. Vol. 34, Iss . 10; P. 42 (5 Pages)


Playground Supervision Liability: Opportunity To Prevent Injury?

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Jun 1998. Vol. 33, Iss . 6; P. 44 (4 Pages)

 

Contact-Sport Exception Allows For Participant Negligence

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    May 1998. Vol. 33, Iss . 5; P. 48 (5 Pages)

 

Exercising Care For The Safety Of Another

Duty To Instruct, Warn, & Demonstrate Unfamiliar Jumping Exercise

James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation.    Apr 1998. Vol. 33, Iss . 4; P. 54 (5 Pages)

Martial Arts Participants Do Not Assume Increased Risk of Injury
James C. Kozlowski. Parks & Recreation. Aug 1997 Vol. 32, Iss. 8


Swimmer Breaks Neck Practicing Shallow Water Racing Dive

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Jul 1988. Vol. 23, Iss . 7; p. 18


Aggressive Play Inherent Risk In Non-Contact Football Class

James C. Kozlowski Parks & Recreation .   Nov 1996. Vol. 31, Iss . 11; P. 30 (4 Pages)


First Female in Football Program Claims Neglig