Abstract
Physical access to computers does not guarantee access to the information society. To help ensure that the first type of access translates into the second, it is necessary to pay attention to how computer and Internet use can enhance social capital. Drawing on examples from technology projects in India and other countries, this paper examines the concept of social capital and its relationship to information and communication technology, focusing on the role of both micro-level and macro-level social capital.

I. Social Capital
Warschauer suggests two definitions of access to information and communications technologies (ICTs)

• physical access to a computer with an online connection
• physical access to a computer with an online connection which insures access to broader social participation and inclusion

He argues that the linking of the two forms of access via social capital will narrow the digital divides within nations and between different areas of the world and empower individuals.

He defines social capital as:-

the capacity of individuals to accrue benefits by dint of their personal relationships and memberships in particular social networks and structures (p. 6)

Both individuals and communities can accumulate social capital, and even a poorly connected person benefits from living in a well-connected community. Social capital also multiplies the effects of investment in people (i.e. education) and in the physical environment (new schools, community centers, etc.). By strengthening social ties, social capital opens opportunities and models ways for individuals to learn from each other. Important relationships include those which provide:

• information (a friend tells you about a good doctor)
• influence (a relative persuades someone to give you a job)
• social credentials (the regard someone has for you because of your social connections)
• re-inforcement (emotional and personal support)

Social Capital Deconstructed

the author and his research
Mark Warschauer's research focuses on the integration of information and communication technologies (ICT) in schools; the impact of ICT on language and literacy practices; and the relationship of ICT to institutional reform, democracy, and social development.

He has investigated extensively the uses (actual and potential) of ICTs in India and other areas of Asia, South America, Europe and in the US. He then applies that research to the closing of the many digital divides that polarize global society.